Research

Hannele Tuominen leaning against a tree trunkFoto: Fredrik Larsson

Deciduous trees, like aspen, offer a sustainable source of bioenergy and biomaterials. This resource is likely to become even more important in the face of emerging changes in silvicultural practices and the need for increased biodiversity. Understanding of the molecular regulation of wood formation is needed to provide tools for breeding of deciduous trees for diversified use of wood in the future.

Wood is formed by cell divisions occuring in the vascular cambium. The properties of wood are influenced by the activity of the vascular cambium and the deposition of the secondary cell wall constituents of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. The deposition of the polysaccharidic cell wall is finalised by the death of the xylem elements, while lignification continues even post mortem. These processes are controlled by both developmental and external cues. For instance, the content of lignin depends on the activity of the cambium but also on the availability of nutrients. The molecular regulation of wood formation in response to the external cues is poorly understood. Our goal is to dissect molecular regulation of cambial activity and xylem differentiation as a part of normal development but also in response to external cues such as light, temperature and nitrogen by a wide array of methods, such as DNA editing of hybrid aspen trees, single cell RNAsequencing, and automatic phenotyping.

The figure consists of four individual photos showing the plant model systems in Hannele Tuominen's research group: the left photo is a microscope picture of tracheary element cell cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana, on the second left photo, a cutting of a primary root of Arabidopsis thaliana enlarged with a microscope is seen, the second right photo shows a cutting of a hybrid aspen stem and the right photo a stem cutting of aspen.

Ultimately, we want to understand how cambial activity and xylem differentiation influence the chemical and mechanical properties and the functioning of the wood. A long-standing question has been whether it would be possible to enhance biomass production in woody tissues by extending the lifetime of the individual xylem elements. Another burning question is how xylem differentiation influences responses to environmental factors such as nutrient abundance and drought. Here, we take advantage of reverse genetics but also natural variation within Swedish aspen (Populus tremula) trees with the aim to identify genetic loci associated with secondary cell wall and wood properties as well as tree responses to environmental effectors by genome-wide association mapping.